You can use the following formulas
to test the condition of a statement and return a Yes or No value, to test an
alternate value such as OK or Not OK, or to return a blank or dash to represent
a null value.
Determine
whether a number is greater than or less than another number
Use the IF function to perform this
comparison.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
15000
|
9000
|
=[Column1]>[Column2]
|
Is Column1 greater than Column2?
(Yes)
|
|
15000
|
9000
|
=IF([Column1]<=[Column2],
"OK", "Not OK")
|
Is Column1 less than or equal to
Column2? (Not OK)
|
Return
a logical value after comparing column contents
For a result that is a logical value
(Yes or No), use the AND, OR, and NOT functions.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Column3
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
15
|
9
|
8
|
=AND([Column1]>[Column2],
[Column1]<[Column3])
|
Is 15 greater than 9 and less than
8? (No)
|
|
15
|
9
|
8
|
=OR([Column1]>[Column2],
[Column1]<[Column3])
|
Is 15 greater than 9 or less than
8? (Yes)
|
|
15
|
9
|
8
|
=NOT([Column1]+[Column2]=24)
|
Is 15 plus 9 not equal to 24? (No)
|
For a result that is another
calculation, or any other value other than Yes or No, use the IF, AND, and OR
functions.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Column3
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
15
|
9
|
8
|
=IF([Column1]=15, "OK",
"Not OK")
|
If the value in Column1 equals 15,
return "OK". (OK)
|
|
15
|
9
|
8
|
=IF(AND([Column1]>[Column2],
[Column1]<[Column3]), "OK", "Not OK")
|
If 15 is greater than 9 and less
than 8, return "OK". (Not OK)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15
|
9
|
8
|
=IF(OR([Column1]>[Column2],
[Column1]<[Column3]), "OK", "Not OK")
|
If 15 is greater than 9 or less
than 8, return "OK". (OK)
|
Display
zeroes as blanks or dashes
To display a zero, perform a simple
calculation. To display a blank or a dash, use the IF function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
10
|
10
|
=[Column1]-[Column2]
|
Second number subtracted from the
first. (0)
|
|
15
|
9
|
=IF([Column1]-[Column2],[Column1]-[Column2],"-")
|
Returns a dash when the value is
zero. (-)
|
Hide
error values in columns
To display a dash, #N/A, or NA in
place of an error value, use the ISERROR function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
10
|
0
|
=[Column1]/[Column2]
|
Results in an error (#DIV/0)
|
|
10
|
0
|
=IF(ISERROR([Column1]/[Column2]),"NA",[Column1]/[Column2])
|
Returns NA when the value is an
error
|
|
10
|
0
|
=IF(ISERROR([Column1]/[Column2]),"-",[Column1]/[Column2])
|
Returns a dash when the value is
an error
|
You can use the following formulas
to perform calculations that are based on dates and times, such as adding a
number of days, months, or years to a date, calculating the difference between
two dates, and converting time to a decimal value.
Add
dates
To add a number of days to a date,
use the addition (+) operator.
|
Note
|
||||
|
When you manipulate dates, the
return type of the calculated column must be set to Date and Time.
|
||||
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
|
6/9/2007
|
3
|
=[Column1]+[Column2]
|
Adds 3 days to 6/9/2007
(6/12/2007)
|
|
|
12/10/2008
|
54
|
=[Column1]+[Column2]
|
Adds 54 days to 12/10/2008
(2/2/2009)
|
|
To add a number of months to a date,
use the DATE, YEAR, MONTH, and DAY functions.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
6/9/2007
|
3
|
=DATE(YEAR([Column1]),MONTH([Column1])+[Column2],DAY([Column1]))
|
Adds 3 months to 6/9/2007
(9/9/2007)
|
|
12/10/2008
|
25
|
=DATE(YEAR([Column1]),MONTH([Column1])+[Column2],DAY([Column1]))
|
Adds 25 months to 12/10/2008
(1/10/2011)
|
To add a number of years to a date,
use the DATE, YEAR, MONTH, and DAY functions.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
6/9/2007
|
3
|
=DATE(YEAR([Column1])+[Column2],MONTH([Column1]),DAY([Column1]))
|
Adds 3 years to 6/9/2007
(6/9/2010)
|
|
12/10/2008
|
25
|
=DATE(YEAR([Column1])+[Column2],MONTH([Column1]),DAY([Column1]))
|
Adds 25 years to 12/10/2008
(12/10/2033)
|
To add a combination of days,
months, and years to a date, use the DATE, YEAR, MONTH, and DAY functions.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
6/9/2007
|
=DATE(YEAR([Column1])+3,MONTH([Column1])+1,DAY([Column1])+5)
|
Adds 3 years, 1 month, and 5 days
to 6/9/2007 (7/14/2010)
|
|
12/10/2008
|
=DATE(YEAR([Column1])+1,MONTH([Column1])+7,DAY([Column1])+5)
|
Adds 1 year, 7 months, and 5 days
to 12/10/2008 (7/15/2010)
|
Calculate
the difference between two dates
Use the DATEDIF function to perform
this calculation.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
01-Jan-1995
|
15-Jun-1999
|
=DATEDIF([Column1],
[Column2],"d")
|
Returns the number of days between
the two dates (1626)
|
|
01-Jan-1995
|
15-Jun-1999
|
=DATEDIF([Column1],
[Column2],"ym")
|
Returns the number of months
between the dates, ignoring the year part (5)
|
|
01-Jan-1995
|
15-Jun-1999
|
=DATEDIF([Column1],
[Column2],"yd")
|
Returns the number of days between
the dates, ignoring the year part (165)
|
Calculate
the difference between two times
To present the result in the
standard time format (hours:minutes:seconds), use the subtraction operator (-)
and the TEXT function. For this method to work, hours must not exceed 24, and
minutes and seconds must not exceed 60.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/09/2007 3:30 PM
|
=TEXT([Column2]-[Column1],"h")
|
Hours between two times (4)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/09/2007 3:30 PM
|
=TEXT([Column2]-[Column1],"h:mm")
|
Hours and minutes between two
times (4:55)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/09/2007 3:30 PM
|
=TEXT([Column2]-[Column1],"h:mm:ss")
|
Hours, minutes, and seconds
between two times (4:55:00)
|
To present the result in a total
that is based on one time unit, use the INT function, or HOUR, MINUTE, or
SECOND function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/10/2007 3:30 PM
|
=INT(([Column2]-[Column1])*24)
|
Total hours between two times (28)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/10/2007 3:30 PM
|
=INT(([Column2]-[Column1])*1440)
|
Total minutes between two times
(1735)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/10/2007 3:30 PM
|
=INT(([Column2]-[Column1])*86400)
|
Total seconds between two times
(104100)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/10/2007 3:30 PM
|
=HOUR([Column2]-[Column1])
|
Hours between two times, when the
difference does not exceed 24 (4)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/10/2007 3:30 PM
|
=MINUTE([Column2]-[Column1])
|
Minutes between two times, when
the difference does not exceed 60 (55)
|
|
06/09/2007 10:35 AM
|
06/10/2007 3:30 PM
|
=SECOND([Column2]-[Column1])
|
Seconds between two times, when
the difference does not exceed 60 (0)
|
Convert
times
To convert hours from the standard
time format to a decimal number, use the INT function.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
10:35 AM
|
=([Column1]-INT([Column1]))*24
|
Number of hours since 12:00 AM
(10.583333)
|
|
12:15 PM
|
=([Column1]-INT([Column1]))*24
|
Number of hours since 12:00 AM
(12.25)
|
To convert hours from a decimal
number to the standard time format (hours:minutes:seconds), use the division
operator and the TEXT function.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
23:58
|
=TEXT(Column1/24,
"hh:mm:ss")
|
Hours, minutes, and seconds since
12:00 AM (00:59:55)
|
|
2:06
|
=TEXT(Column1/24,
"h:mm")
|
Hours and minutes since 12:00 AM
(0:05)
|
Insert
Julian dates
A Julian date refers to a date
format that is a combination of the current year and the number of days since
the beginning of the year. For example, January 1, 2007, is represented as
2007001 and December 31, 2007, is represented as 2007365. This format is not
based on the Julian calendar.
To convert a date to a Julian date,
use the TEXT and DATEVALUE functions.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
6/23/2007
|
=TEXT([Column1],"yy")&TEXT(([Column1]-DATEVALUE("1/1/"&
TEXT([Column1],"yy"))+1),"000")
|
Date in Julian format, with a
two-digit year (07174)
|
|
6/23/2007
|
=TEXT([Column1],"yyyy")&TEXT(([Column1]-DATEVALUE("1/1/"&TEXT([Column1],"yy"))+1),"000")
|
Date in Julian format, with a
four-digit year (2007174)
|
To convert a date to a Julian date
that is used in astronomy, use the constant 2415018.50. This formula works only
for dates after 3/1/1901, and if you are using the 1900 date system.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
6/23/2007
|
=[Column1]+2415018.50
|
Date in Julian format, used in
astronomy (2454274.50)
|
Show
dates as the day of the week
To convert dates to the text for the
day of the week, use the TEXT and WEEKDAY functions.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
19-Feb-2007
|
=TEXT(WEEKDAY([Column1]),
"dddd")
|
Calculates the day of the week for
the date and returns the full name of the day (Monday)
|
|
3-Jan-2008
|
=TEXT(WEEKDAY([Column1]),
"ddd")
|
Calculates the day of the week for
the date and returns the abbreviated name of the day (Thu)
|
You can use the following formulas
to perform a variety of mathematical calculations, such as adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing numbers; calculating the average or median of
numbers; rounding a number; and counting values.
Add
numbers
To add numbers in two or more
columns in a row, use the addition operator (+) or the SUM function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Column3
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
=[Column1]+[Column2]+[Column3]
|
Adds the values in the first three
columns (15)
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
=SUM([Column1],[Column2],[Column3])
|
Adds the values in the first three
columns (15)
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
=SUM(IF([Column1]>[Column2],
[Column1]-[Column2], 10), [Column3])
|
If Column1 is greater than
Column2, adds the difference and Column3. Else add 10 and Column3 (5)
|
Subtract
numbers
To subtract numbers in two or more
columns in a row, use the subtraction operator (-) or the SUM function with
negative numbers.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Column3
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
15000
|
9000
|
-8000
|
=[Column1]-[Column2]
|
Subtracts 9000 from 15000 (6000)
|
|
15000
|
9000
|
-8000
|
=SUM([Column1], [Column2],
[Column3])
|
Adds numbers in the first three
columns, including negative values (16000)
|
Calculate
the difference between two numbers as a percentage
Use the subtraction (-) and division
(/) operators and the ABS function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
2342
|
2500
|
=([Column2]-[Column1])/ABS([Column1])
|
Percentage change (6.75% or
0.06746)
|
Multiply
numbers
To multiply numbers in two or more
columns in a row, use the multiplication operator (*) or the PRODUCT function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
5
|
2
|
=[Column1]*[Column2]
|
Multiplies the numbers in the
first two columns (10)
|
|
5
|
2
|
=PRODUCT([Column1], [Column2])
|
Multiplies the numbers in the
first two columns (10)
|
|
5
|
2
|
=PRODUCT([Column1],[Column2],2)
|
Multiplies the numbers in the
first two columns and the number 2 (20)
|
Divide
numbers
To divide numbers in two or more
columns in a row, use the division operator (/).
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
15000
|
12
|
=[Column1]/[Column2]
|
Divides 15000 by 12 (1250)
|
|
15000
|
12
|
=([Column1]+10000)/[Column2]
|
Adds 15000 and 10000, and then
divides the total by 12 (2083)
|
Calculate
the average of numbers
The average is also called the mean.
To calculate the average of numbers in two or more columns in a row, use the
AVERAGE function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Column3
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
=AVERAGE([Column1],
[Column2],[Column3])
|
Average of the numbers in the
first three columns (5)
|
|
6
|
5
|
4
|
=AVERAGE(IF([Column1]>[Column2],
[Column1]-[Column2], 10), [Column3])
|
If Column1 is greater than
Column2, calculate the average of the difference and Column3. Else calculate
the average of the value 10 and Column3 (2.5)
|
Calculate
the median of numbers
The median is the value at the
center of an ordered range of numbers. Use the MEDIAN function to calculate the
median of a group of numbers.
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
E
|
F
|
Formula
|
Description
(result)
|
|
10
|
7
|
9
|
27
|
0
|
4
|
=MEDIAN(A, B, C, D, E, F)
|
Median of numbers in the first 6
columns (8)
|
Calculate
the smallest or largest number in a range
To calculate the smallest or largest
number in two or more columns in a row, use the MIN and MAX functions.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Column3
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
10
|
7
|
9
|
=MIN([Column1], [Column2],
[Column3])
|
Smallest number (7)
|
|
10
|
7
|
9
|
=MAX([Column1], [Column2],
[Column3])
|
Largest number (10)
|
Count
values
To count numeric values, use the
COUNT function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Column3
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
Apple
|
12/12/2007
|
=COUNT([Column1], [Column2],
[Column3])
|
Counts the number of columns that
contain numeric values. Excludes date and time, text, and null values (0)
|
|
|
$12
|
#DIV/0!
|
1.01
|
=COUNT([Column1], [Column2],
[Column3])
|
Counts the number of columns that
contain numeric values, but excludes error and logical values (2)
|
Increase
or decrease a number by a percentage
Use the percent (%) operator to
perform this calculation.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
23
|
3%
|
=[Column1]*(1+5%)
|
Increases number in Column1 by 5%
(24.15)
|
|
23
|
3%
|
=[Column1]*(1+[Column2])
|
Increases number in Column1 by the
percent value in Column2: 3% (23.69)
|
|
23
|
3%
|
=[Column1]*(1-[Column2])
|
Decreases number in Column1 by the
percent value in Column2: 3% (22.31)
|
Raise
a number to a power
Use the exponentiation operator (^)
or the POWER function to perform this calculation.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
5
|
2
|
=[Column1]^[Column2]
|
Calculates five squared (25)
|
|
5
|
3
|
=POWER([Column1], [Column2])
|
Calculates five cubed (125)
|
Round
a number
To round up a number, use the
ROUNDUP, ODD, or EVEN function.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
20.3
|
=ROUNDUP([Column1],0)
|
Rounds 20.3 up to the nearest
whole number (21)
|
|
-5.9
|
=ROUNDUP([Column1],0)
|
Rounds -5.9 up to the nearest
whole number (-5)
|
|
12.5493
|
=ROUNDUP([Column1],2)
|
Rounds 12.5493 up to the nearest
hundredth, two decimal places (12.55)
|
|
20.3
|
=EVEN([Column1])
|
Rounds 20.3 up to the nearest even
number (22)
|
|
20.3
|
=ODD([Column1])
|
Rounds 20.3 up to the nearest odd
number (21)
|
To round down a number, use the
ROUNDDOWN function.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
20.3
|
=ROUNDDOWN([Column1],0)
|
Rounds 20.3 down to the nearest
whole number (20)
|
|
-5.9
|
=ROUNDDOWN([Column1],0)
|
Rounds -5.9 down to the nearest
whole number (-6)
|
|
12.5493
|
=ROUNDDOWN([Column1],2)
|
Rounds 12.5493 down to the nearest
hundredth, two decimal places (12.54)
|
To round a number to the nearest
number or fraction, use the ROUND function.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
20.3
|
=ROUND([Column1],0)
|
Rounds 20.3 down, because the
fractional part is less than .5 (20)
|
|
5.9
|
=ROUND([Column1],0)
|
Rounds 5.9 up, because the
fractional part is greater than .5 (6)
|
|
-5.9
|
=ROUND([Column1],0)
|
Rounds -5.9 down, because the
fractional part is less than -.5 (-6)
|
|
1.25
|
=ROUND([Column1], 1)
|
Rounds the number to the nearest
tenth (one decimal place). Because the portion to be rounded is 0.05 or
greater, the number is rounded up (result: 1.3)
|
|
30.452
|
=ROUND([Column1], 2)
|
Rounds the number to the nearest
hundredth (two decimal places). Because the portion to be rounded, 0.002, is
less than 0.005, the number is rounded down (result: 30.45)
|
To round a number to the significant
digit above 0, use the ROUND, ROUNDUP, ROUNDDOWN, INT, and LEN functions.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
5492820
|
=ROUND([Column1],3-LEN(INT([Column1])))
|
Rounds the number to 3 significant
digits (5490000)
|
|
22230
|
=ROUNDDOWN([Column1],3-LEN(INT([Column1])))
|
Rounds the bottom number down to 3
significant digits (22200)
|
|
5492820
|
=ROUNDUP([Column1],
5-LEN(INT([Column1])))
|
Rounds the top number up to 5
significant digits (5492900)
|
You can use the following formulas
to manipulate text, such as combining or concatenating the values from multiple
columns, comparing the contents of columns, removing characters or spaces, and
repeating characters.
Change
the case of text
To change the case of text, use the
UPPER, LOWER, or PROPER function.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
nina Vietzen
|
=UPPER([Column1])
|
Changes text to uppercase (NINA
VIETZEN)
|
|
nina Vietzen
|
=LOWER([Column1])
|
Changes text to lowercase (nina
vietzen)
|
|
nina Vietzen
|
=PROPER([Column1])
|
Changes text to title case (Nina
Vietzen)
|
Combine
first and last names
To combine first and last names, use
the ampersand operator (&) or the CONCATENATE function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
Carlos
|
Carvallo
|
=[Column1]&[Column2]
|
Combines the two strings
(CarlosCarvallo)
|
|
Carlos
|
Carvallo
|
=[Column1]&"
"&[Column2]
|
Combines the two strings,
separated by a space (Carlos Carvallo)
|
|
Carlos
|
Carvallo
|
=[Column2]&",
"&[Column1]
|
Combines the two strings,
separated by a comma and a space (Carvallo, Carlos)
|
|
Carlos
|
Carvallo
|
=CONCATENATE([Column2],
",", [Column1])
|
Combines the two strings,
separated by a comma (Carvallo,Carlos)
|
Combine
text and numbers from different columns
To combine text and numbers, use the
CONCATENATE function, the ampersand operator (&), or the TEXT function and
the ampersand operator.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
Yang
|
28
|
=[Column1]&" sold
"&[Column2]&" units."
|
Combines contents above into a
phrase (Yang sold 28 units.)
|
|
Dubois
|
40%
|
=[Column1]&" sold
"&TEXT([Column2],"0%")&" of the total
sales."
|
Combines contents above into a
phrase (Dubois sold 40% of the total sales.)
Note The TEXT
function appends the formatted value of Column2 instead of the underlying
value, which is 0.4.
|
|
Yang
|
28
|
=CONCATENATE([Column1]," sold
",[Column2]," units.")
|
Combines contents above into a
phrase (Yang sold 28 units.)
|
Combine
text with a date or time
To combine text with a date or time,
use the TEXT function and the ampersand operator (&).
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
Billing Date
|
5-Jun-2007
|
="Statement date:
"&TEXT([Column2], "d-mmm-yyyy")
|
Combines text with a date
(Statement date: 5-Jun-2007)
|
|
Billing Date
|
5-Jun-2007
|
=[Column1]&"
"&TEXT([Column2], "mmm-dd-yyyy")
|
Combines text and date from
different columns into one column (Billing Date Jun-05-2007)
|
Compare
column contents
To compare one column to another
column or a list of values, use the EXACT and OR functions.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
BD122
|
BD123
|
=EXACT([Column1],[Column2])
|
Compares contents of first two
columns (No)
|
|
BD122
|
BD123
|
=EXACT([Column1],
"BD122")
|
Compares contents of Column1 and
the string "BD122" (Yes)
|
Determine
whether a column value or a part of it matches specific text
To determine whether a column value
or a part of it matches specific text, use the IF, FIND, SEARCH, and ISNUMBER
functions.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
Vietzen
|
=IF([Column1]="Vietzen",
"OK", "Not OK")
|
Determines whether Column1 is
Vietzen (OK)
|
|
Vietzen
|
=IF(ISNUMBER(FIND("v",[Column1])),
"OK", "Not OK")
|
Determines whether Column1
contains the letter v (OK)
|
|
BD123
|
=ISNUMBER(FIND("BD",[Column1]))
|
Determines whether Column1
contains BD (Yes)
|
Count
nonblank columns
To count nonblank columns, use the
COUNTA function.
|
Column1
|
Column2
|
Column3
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
Sales
|
19
|
=COUNTA([Column1], [Column2])
|
Counts the number of nonblank
columns (2)
|
|
|
Sales
|
19
|
=COUNTA([Column1], [Column2],
[Column3])
|
Counts the number of nonblank
columns (2)
|
Remove
characters from text
To remove characters from text, use
the LEN, LEFT, and RIGHT functions.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
Vitamin A
|
=LEFT([Column1],LEN([Column1])-2)
|
Returns 7 (9-2) characters,
starting from left (Vitamin)
|
|
Vitamin B1
|
=RIGHT([Column1],
LEN([Column1])-8)
|
Returns 2 (10-8) characters,
starting from right (B1)
|
Remove
spaces from the beginning and end of a column
To remove spaces from a column, use
the TRIM function.
|
Column1
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
Hello there!
|
=TRIM([Column1])
|
Removes the spaces from the
beginning and end (Hello there!)
|
Repeat
a character in a column
To repeat a character in a column,
use the REPT function.
|
Formula
|
Description
(possible result)
|
|
=REPT(".",3)
|
Repeats a period 3 times (...)
|
|
=REPT("-",10)
|
Repeats a dash 10 times
(----------)
|
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